The basic principles of MR image production Essay

The basic principles of MR image production - Essay Example In this essay, safety issues and hazards of MRI will be discussed and methods for safe imaging will be explored through review of suitable literature. MRI is a "way of obtaining very detailed images of organs and tissues throughout the body without the need for x-rays or "ionizing" radiation. Instead, MRI uses a powerful magnetic field, radio waves, rapidly changing magnetic fields, and a computer to create images that show whether or not there is an injury, disease process, or abnormal condition present" (Patient-Safety MRI, 2010). MRI has turned out to be an excellent investigation tool because of it ability to provide good contrast between various tissues in a particular region. For example, in the brain, a good contrast is provided between white matter, gray matter and cerebrospinal fluid (Diwadkar and Keshavan, 2002). The technology of MRI mainly employs 3 components for imaging and they are pulsed radio-frequency fields or RF, high static magnetic field and time-varying gradient electromagnetic fields or EMF (Roboman et al, 2006). For the purpose of MR imaging, the patient is placed in a "large, tunnel or doughnut-shaped dev ice that is open at both ends" (Patient-Safety MRI, 2010) (Refer Figure-1). The examination causes no pain or tissue injury, although loud noises are heard during the procedure. There is also a risk of mechanical injury due to ferromagnetic objects kept in the scanning room unintentionally. The main hazards concerned with magnetic fields are interactions with the equipment and interactions with human tissue. As far as human tissue interactions are concerned, the most worrisome interactions are with blood flow, ears and cardiac cycle (De Wilde et al, 2007). The main safety issues which are of concern on exposure to high static magnetic field are are both mechanical and biological effects and their consequences. In clinical MRI scanning, the strength of magnets used range between

College Tuition Essay Example for Free

College Tuition Essay In todays society, the idea of a college education has become less of an option and more of a necessary requirement and is commonly considered the only way to acquire a successful career and life. There are many careers, in which a college education is not technically necessary, that can often be just as or even more successful. With the cost of college tuition increasing with every passing year, the controversy of whether college is really worth the cost and burden is growing too. If our society wants to continue displaying a college education as somewhat of a necessity for success, I believe the cost of it should shift to being a more realistic price, suitable for the majority of students striving to go to college. Most high school students feel pressure by not only the family, but also peers and teaching faculty to go to college because it’s â€Å"the smart thing to do†, but some may be hesitant to choose the college route because they believe their experiences will be different and the benefits of getting the job and making all their money back wont apply to them. Economic research concludes that more students would gain from college rather than opting out from it, and choosing a different route. Yes, there are many careers that require little or no further education after high school that may be considered successful jobs, such as construction and more hands on jobs, but it is averaged that over a lifetime those who attend college make about $500,000 more than those who do not. â€Å"Seven out of ten college seniors (71%) who graduated last year had student loan debt, with an average of $29,400 per borrower. From 2008 to 2012 debt at graduation †¦ increased an average rate of six percent each year. † (The Project of Student Debt). With all of the debts, not covered by either scholarships or financial aid, accumulated over the course of an individual’s schooling, the amount of additional money made becomes less substantial; if the tuition and fees were to decrease, the additional money made would not be as affected. The costs to attend two of the leading universities in Oregon, University of Oregon and Oregon State, for four years averages at about $88,000, and that doesn’t even include everyday personal expenses. For non-residents that price is more than doubled that of a resident student. â€Å"In 1980, it cost an  average of about $56,000 (adjusting for inflation) to attend a university for four years. This figure includes tuition, fees, and the â€Å"opportunity cost,† or income one foregoes to attend school instead of holding a job. (This figure excludes room and board: one must eat and sleep whether she is in college or not. ) In 2010, four years of college cost more than $82,000, a nearly 50 percent increase over that 30-year period. †(Brookings Institute). Sure there are many scholarships and financial aid a student is able to apply for, but with so many students applying for such scholarships, you’re chances of receiving them become slimmer. A lot of scholarships also do not benefit students as a whole and either target minorities, athletes, or financial aid students. Community college is also a viable option for many, but is often looked down upon. You don’t often hear a high school student say â€Å"I want to go to a community college† or â€Å"I can’t wait to go to a community college† with loads of enthusiasm. Not only do students and their families look down upon going to a community college, but teachers as well think lesser of community colleges and often express their opinions out loud. This makes students look at community colleges as less of a viable option and more of a last option. When applying for jobs, it also looks a lot more prestigious when it is shown that one attended a university rather than a community college. Although most colleges may not consider ways to lower the costs of college, there are many ways in which a lower tuition and overall price is possible. One direct contribution to the costs of schooling is the professor’s salary. Many college educators do not actually deserve the amount of money they make. Teachers should receive a salary that accurately reflects how affective the professor is at teaching. College fees also include unnecessary additions that are not required and could easily be taken off, such as gym memberships, recreation center memberships, and other additional bonuses that are not essential. Also, although I’m a student-athlete as well, the amount of money given away in scholarships just to play sports at that school has become a bit ridiculous. If the amount of money for scholarships went back into the school directly, the cost of tuition would decrease, and the need for those said scholarships would decrease as well. It is apparent that student athletes are held to a higher regard than other students. Often, you see students that are all-state athletes that get decent grades receive more money and â€Å"special treatment† in comparison to a student that does not do related extra-curricular activities, yet gets exceedingly high grades. This is not fair in any way; the elimination or decrease of athletic scholarships given out would eliminate the inequality commonly displayed throughout colleges. College tuition is at an outrageous high right now and is not showing many signs of decreasing. The costs of college and sending a student off to college have become much of a burden for many families across America. With how necessary getting a college education is considered, the cost of it all should shift to a more suitable price. The shift would be very difficult to achieve, and would be a very long process, but I do believe it is possible, not only for my generation, but the next several generations of students on the path to attend college. Work Cited Page: Greenstone, Michael, and Adam Looney. Regardless of the Cost, College Still Matters. The Brookings Institution. The Hamilton Project, 05 Oct. 2012. Web. 31 Oct. 2014. . Student Financial Aid and Scholarships. Cost of Attendance. University of Oregon, n. d. Web. 31 Oct. 2014. . Financial Aid and Scholarships. Cost of Attendance. Oregon State University, n. d. Web. 31 Oct. 2014. . State by State Data. Project on Student Debt:. The Project on Student Debt, 2013. Web. 31 Oct. 2014. .

Sigmund Freud :: Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychoanalysis, method of treating mental illness, was Sigmund Freud’s most recognized work. In 1938, Freud was eighty-two years old and was forced to flee to London because he was Jewish. He died the following year with many accomplishments and went through plenty of hardships in his life time. That’s why Sigmund Freud has influenced American politically, socially, and ideology because he changed the country’s perception on how people think, dream, and the things they do.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud was born on May 6th, 1856 in Frieberg, Moravia. Which is present day Czech Republic. Sigmund Freud was the son of Jacob and Amalia Freud. Sigmund’s family was Jewish, the population of Frieberg was one hundred and thirty Jews, out of four thousand and five hundred ,and the rest were Catholic. During this time period Jewish people had to move to different countries because they were persecuted or had legal restrictions, banishments or slaughtered. That’s when the Freud’s moved to Tysmenite. This was popular for Jews and it was the center to Jewish learning and scholarships. Sigmund had two half brothers from his fathers first marriage. Then Sigmund Freud’s parents had another son and named after Amalia brother. The baby died the same way her brother did. After that she zoned away and didn’t take care of Sigmund. They hired a maid to take care of things. A couple years later, Jacob and Amalia started to have kids agai n. They had five daughters and another son. Little bit after that Sigmund’s father’s business collapsed and things started to fall downhill for the family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sigmund Freud did outstanding in school, he received his medical degree from University in 1881. Before he became interested in the medical field, he wanted to study natural science and to solve challenging problems concerning scientists. Sigmund Freud was influenced by many people. Right after Sigmund finished school, he changed his career to a psychiatrists. Between 1885 and 1886 he went to work in a clinic in Paris with Jean Charcot. Then later in 1886 opened a private practice in Vienna. He devoted half an hour everyday to self-analysis. His psychiatric expanded when he became a professor at Vienna University. Sigmund’s first book was published in 1895, Studies in Hysteria, the co-author was Josef Breur. The next ten years of Sigmund’s life he was working with Josef Breur. In 1908, was the first international Psychoanalytic Congress developed.

The Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

The Scarlet Letter The major characters go through many changes due to all of the events that have taken place, but the torture they have to live and die with is all within themselves. Hester Prynn has always been strong, but being isolated from society and raising a child who constantly punishes her for her love affair makes her grow stronger and tougher. Chillingworth, who once was a caring man who loved Hester, shows his darkest side when he sets out to destroy the soul of an already weak man. Dimmesdale becomes weaker when he finds he can't purify his soul from the sin he has committed. The major character changes come from within and are controlled by the characters. Once her jail time had been served, the worst of Hester's punishment had only begun. She had confessed and had no guilt to live with, but society had completely shut her out. Also, aside from the embroidered scarlet letter she had to wear, she also had to live with her child who was a daily reminder of her sin. In order to survive her daily pain, Hester grows stronger and blocks out a lot of her emotions. It is noticed that the tougher she got inside, the tougher her appearance becomes and the more plain she dressed. Once she meet with Dimmesdale in the forest, she told him of Chillingworth, which shows she had grown strong enough to not let him hold her down. When she gained that strength, her beauty was expressed by: Her sex, her youth, and the whole richness of her beauty, came back from what men call the irrevocable past. Chillingworth had not been able to harm Hester because of her inner strength. At the end of the book, she is the only one who has survived emotionally. Chillingworth wanted a woman who would love him, but when that failed, he found a new love. His new passion became the destruction of the man who took Hester away from him. He tells Hester of his plans when he says: I shall seek this man…There is a sympathy that will make me conscious of him. I shall see him tremble. I shall feel myself shudder, suddenly and unawares. Sooner or later, he must needs be mine! When Chillingworth moved in with Dimmesdale and controlled his every day life, his whole life was based around Dimmesdale's destruction. Since Dimmesdale had not yet confessed his sin to the town, Chillingworth was succeeding in his plan to destroy Dimmesdale's soul easily.

Hotel System

AMA COMPUTER LEARNING CENTER BSIT & BSCS DEPARTMENT In partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the course Introduction to Software Submitted by: Kim John A. Hidalgo Jairus S. Echevarre Nikki Hanna P. Palanog Submitted to: Karen Kate Seronay Date: February 7, 2013 Chapter 1 Introduction A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short-termbasis. The provision of basic accommodation, in times past, consisting onlyof a room with a bed, a cupboard, a small table and a washstand has largely been replaced by rooms with modern facilities, including en-suitebathrooms and air conditioning or climate control.Today, most of the Hotels provide goods and services using computersystem. It helps to perform task in an easy way with less time consumed. Some companies are become fully automated while others strive for thesimilar setting. Computer programmers develop things like computer system that the rest of us could use. The computer programmers tell the users what todo. They ma ke programs that users can easily used or understand. The advent of new technology gave rise to easy and hassle free interaction between and among humans.Whether it is in business, science or what ever task a person takes on the quality and speed of carrying it out are enhanced with automation at the core of this efficient Today, many systems have used an automation process like using computer system, due to the efficient and accuracy. â€Å"Hotel Reservation System† is a transaction processing system. In this system there are more advantages rather than a manual Hotel Reservation. 1. 1 Background of the Study The proponents want to know the reasons of hotel in using manual reservation.The proponents conduct a study towards the topic because they notice some of the hotel still use manual reservation. The study will emphasize the effects of using manual reservation and how a computerized reservation will be substituted. Therefore, theproponents purported to find out how to inc rease the number of customerusing computerized reservation Interaction and individual stimulation have always been linked tothe technological availability of the time and place. With the transition toan information-based society, computers and transactions have evolvedfrom manual transaction.One of the solutions or alternatives to the problems that a hotel isfacing, a system was being developed which can edit, delete, filter,monitor and store and secured the records of the customers. Hotel Reservation system is a transaction processing system that solves the problem encountered during the manual Hotel Reservation. The computerized Hotel Reservation System aims to simplify the manual Hotel Reservation fastest and accurate. Database is shared thru World Wide Web (WWW).The proponents make use of some tools andtechniques to build the project. The system uses Graphical User Interface(GUI) to help the user give instruction to the computer. The system once implemented it will solve the mos t common problems that the Hotel Reservation encounter. 1. 2 Target Client Dotties Place Hotel is a place for relaxation and fun. Rooms with overlooking the swimming pool and view of the hotel. Dotties Place Hotel is located at J. C Aquino Ave. Butuan City 8600, Philippines. 1. 3 Statement of the ProblemA number of travelers choose to book online nowadays for the reason that it is comfortable and convenient. The level of convenience is simply unmatched because booking is just a click away. The advantages that come along with online booking cannot be ignored. This study will aid those hotels which are still using the manual way of hotel reservation and will facilitate travelers in booking in a hotel. It would also promote the hotel in a wider geographical range that is to advertise the hotel to acquire a competitive advantage over the other.Not all hotels are implementing an online reservation system which is the reason why some problems arise and that convenience is not achieved by the management and by the travelers. Through series of interviews, the researchers found the following problems: * Important personal information of the guest are misspelled; * Possible loss of important guests’ records who already made a reservation for a particular date; * Inconvenient for the guest to reserve a room & Delayed report generation. 1. 4 Objective of the StudyThe main purpose of the study is to develop a generic online hotel reservation system to allow guests to reserve a room through the Internet. The development of this study specifically aims to: * Provide the exact information of the guest; * Provide a centralized record for the proper management of the information of the guest; * Provide convenience for the guest to make a reservation, show the availability of the room and give suggestions on the available rooms for the guest; and * Generate generic reports to inform the management about the reservation. . 5 Significance of the Study This study is basicall y useful for the hotel management in the reservation in a way that it provides convenience both to the guest and the front desk officer. This study will be significant in the hotel owner as well as to hotel staff to gain more profit since it is online, the geographical reach will be widen thus making sales growth increased from time to time. Costumer convenience will also be emphasized because they can make any transaction anytime, anywhere. 1. 6. 0 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONThe scope of the study is that the researchers will give a proper webiste that can be easily to use. Using computerized system that enables bussinesses to track services and aims to provide accurate and reliable process on every transaction especially in a hotel reservation finding available rooms, the system tells you that this room is unavailable, deleting records, adding records, and to search records. This study is limited to other functions like printing the records. This study cannot have it’s own domain, due to lack of funds though this research is intended for educational purpose only. . 6. 1 Include The study focused mainly on the development of a generic online hotel reservation system. This allows the guest to inquire on the availability of every room in the hotel. The system is capable of registering the guest and a Captcha will also be provided to protect the system from web spiders. The system will accept online payment for hotels that require down payment through scanning and uploading of the bank receipt. Some hotels do not require down payment and the payment will be upon the arrival of the guest 1. 6. 2 ExlcludeThe system is limited to some areas wherein there will be two forms that the guest will fill-up. First will be the Guest Registration Form containing the guest name, address, age, gender, status   and the other one is the Guest Room Inquiry and Reservation Form which contains the availability of the room, arrival date, check-in date. 1. 6. 3 Dependency The syste m runs in a client-server environment. The hotel serves as the server-side and the guest is the client. The server is responsible for the confirmation and in specifying the grace period of the reservation.The system will automatically cancel the reservation if the guest exceeds in the grace period provided. Chapter 3 Software Analysis and Design 3. 2. 0 Model System Planning Water Fall Model Systems Analysis Systems Design Systems Development System Testing System Implementation Systems planning Systems planning phase is where the project initiation and requirements gathering takes place. In this phase, the researchers performed brainstorming. It helped a lot in the data gathering of the researchers in order to list the requirements needed by the system as to its development.Systems analysis Systems analysis is the dissection of a system into its component pieces to study how those component pieces interact and work. Appropriate data were gathered by the researchers and were used fo r the systems requirement specification. The specified existing problems were given adequate solutions. Through series of interviews, the researchers have analyzed the given data to come up with concrete information and to specify the existing problems sequentially. Systems designSystems design is the process of defining the architecture, components, modules, interfaces, and data for a system to satisfy specified system requirements. In this phase also, the researchers used the gathered data in order to accomplish the logical design of the proposed system. System Development In the development of the system, the researchers considered the detailed users’ requirements to meet the desired requirements. These requirements are the guidelines in creating the reliable and better system.In this phase, the researchers also select the programming language to be used in the development of the system. The main task of the researchers in this phase is to generate the code of the system. System Testing In this phase, the system is tested against its performance and based on the requirements specified in the earlier phase using two different ways. First was the Alpha Testing wherein the developers/researchers checked the system if it is capable of running in different operating systems.The researchers entered invalid inputs into the system to test if the system can handle such errors and give possible response. Second was the Beta testing, to test if the system is capable in making reservation through the internet. And the management can evaluate the developed system if it is user-friendly and if it meets the necessary requirements in the reservation process. System Implementation In this phase, the final product is the fully featured system with full functionality is then implemented. 3. 2. 1 Use Case Diagram New Entry for Check in Update Check InPerform Checkout View Room Status Search Customer Information Staff Customer 3. 2. 2 Activity Diagram Stop User name and password do not match Start Log-inNO Staff Yes Check Availability Fill Check In Form Check In Update Reservation Checkout User name and password do not match Log-in Start Stop Adminn NO Yes Add room info Add room type info Change hotel profile Set room price Set floor info Generate Reports 3. 2. 3 Class DiagramCustomerCid : Integer Fname :Varchar Mname :Varchar Lname :Varchar Gender : Integer Contact No. : Integer Emailadd: Varchar(50) checkinDate: DateTime Stay : Integer Checkoutdate:DateTime Prepaid : Integer Room Info RoomId: Integer Room No. : Integer Roomava: Integer Floor: Varchar RoomType RoomType ID : Integer RoomType: Varchar Room No: integer Login Usrname: Varchar (50) Password: Varchar(50) Permission: varchar(50) Hotel Profile Name: Varchar Address: Vharchar Email: Varchar Contact No. : Integer AddHotelProfile() UpdaeHotelProfile()

What attracted European imperialism to Africa to Asia in the late nineteenth century.

What attracted European imperialism to Africa to Asia in the late nineteenth century. Mortimer Chambers et al define imperialism as a European state's intervention in and continuing domination over a non-European territory. During the 'Scramble for Africa' in the late nineteenth century, the most powerful European nations desired to conquer, dominate and exploit African colonies with the hope of building an empire. According to Derrick Murphy, in 1875 only ten percent of Africa was occupied by European states. Twenty years later only ten percent remained unoccupied. There were several factors which attracted European imperialists to Africa. There were opportunities for profitable investment and trade. Raw materials, which Africa possessed in abundance, were also desired. A cheap source of labour was required as it would result in higher profits. In addition, there was international rivalry among European nations. Domestic political interests and social Darwinism may also be blamed for attracting European imperialism to Africa.European imperialists were lured to Africa by the potential economic benefits she possessed.Europe SimulatorIndustrialization caused a mass productivity and there became an artificial need for foreign markets to invest in. According to Brian Levack et al, with the onset of economic decline in 1873 industrialists were faced with a declining demand for their products in Europe. Imperial expansion, it was thought, would provide a solution with annexed territories seen as captive markets. It was believed that the unfavorable balance of trade that Britain and other industrial countries were experiencing could be counterbalanced by the income from overseas investments. Also, surplus capital could be profitably invested in Africa where cheap labour and limited competition would result in higher profits. Prominent European imperialists decided to use the public resources of their country to find lucrative means of using their capital. The English radical economist J.A. Hobson, argues that the intention was to level out inequalities of wealth to increase domestic...

Heritage Assessment Essay Example

Heritage Assessment Essay Example Heritage Assessment Essay Heritage Assessment Essay Cultural diversenesss have facilitated challenges within wellness attention. To educate our patients there must be acknowledgment of traditional heritage patterns. The Heritage Assessment Tool has been devised to detect cultural features of persons and households along with communities. This tool allows one to understand and esteem the function of cultural consciousness in wellness and unwellness. There is a model for rating of physical. mental and religious values and beliefs in which outlines wellness care. protection. and Restoration. The difference in values and beliefs has a immense impact on the manner people live their lives in all civilizations. Cultural differences affect patients’ attitudes about medical attention and their ability to understand. manage. and header with the class of an unwellness. the significance of a diagnosing. and the effects of medical intervention. ( Euromed Info. n. d. . parity. 9 ) . By analyzing three different civilizations and cognize how their heritage affects the manner they look at health care. it allows a individual to recognize there are so many different heritages and beliefs within the United States that everyone should be accepting of. First. the Liberian civilization as stated by Raymond Gwenigale perceives themselves as being in reasonably good form overall and cipher fumes. This civilization works really difficult. particularly in the Fieldss and that helps to maintain them in form. and their diet is rather healthy with eating many fruits and veggies along with rice as being the chief basic. Liberians believe in both autochthonal medical specialty such as witchery and medicine work forces. but besides believe in western medical specialty. They do non utilize western medical specialty to forestall illness and decease and make non travel to the physician unless they are really ill. This civilization uses a batch of witchery to forestall illness and de cease. For illustration. many Liberians believe that the enchantresss are evil and prefer male childs. So moms Pierce the ears of babe male childs. or braid their hair because they try to do them look like babe misss so the enchantresss don’t take them. Many Liberians besides wear talismans on their organic structures to guard off liquors. They besides put wooden watchbands on baby’s pess to guard off unwellness so if the kid is traveling to decease. you can catch the watchband and draw the babe back into this universe. Liberians do non have on seat belts or motorcycle helmets so when there are money coach accidents. they are normally reasonably bad. Money coachs are the public coachs which are pick-up trucks with benches in the dorsum. Some of them are covered and some are non. There are normally 14 people in one of these money coachs. catching a drive to the market. When there is an accident many people are injured rather severely. The metropoliss and towns have plumbing but the rural small towns in Liberia do non. One thing they do to assist protect their wellness is to do certain that people are traveling to the bathroom in designated musca volitanss so it does non acquire in with their nutrient and H2O supply. Another belief Liberians have is that work forces do non hold intercourse with adult females that are suckling. They say that this spoils the milk. For Liberians. babes must to be able to eat other nutrient before another babe comes along. Having babes excessively shortly together would intend there was non plenty milk to feed them all. This is considered botching the milk supply for the current babe if a adult female becomes pregnant. Besides. in Liberia the H2O is non good in small towns. Everyone must boil it to acquire the bacteriums out and non everyone does that so it is rather bad to utilize expression because babes get ill from it as it is assorted with bad H2O. Therefore breastfeeding is a great manner to maintain the babes healthy. Raymond stated that Liberians combine Western and autochthonal wellness attention systems reasonably easy. They call Western medical specialty Qui Medicine. They normally try traditional medical specialty before western medical specialty. so often their disease has spread or become really bad when they go into the clinic or infirmary. Most Liberians have no job believing in both biological and supernatural causes for their diseases. They say that their disease is caused by something biological. but at the same clip they ask Why did this happen to me? They so attribute this to something like witchery. the zephyr. a dream they had. the cold. or the evil purposes and ideas of other people. When they are ill they will often state person cursed or witched them. As portion of the mending procedure they spend a batch of clip seeking to calculate out who did this to them and much energy is spent hearing witchery narratives. In the Liberian civilization many times people will be in the infirmary acquiring treated by Western medical specialty and besides holding enchantress physicians visit them to make chalk frictions. They truly use both at the same time because they believe in both. The 2nd civilization to lucubrate on is the Irish civilization in which Stephen Kane was interviewed. Northern Ireland is Protestant and Catholic. The Catholics are reasonably rigorous about things like birth control and abortion is illegal in Ireland even for medically indicated grounds. In this civilization it is considered to be making heavy physical exercising by running one time every few months versus on a day-to-day or hebdomadal footing like in the United States. They do wear seat belts and helmets. but do non hold a great diet due to imbibing and smoke. Because smoke is more acceptable in the European civilization than in the United States. the Irish do smoke much more. A basic to eat is fish and french friess whic h is merely deep fried fish and French french friess. There is a national wellness attention plan in Ireland which is so different than the health care in the United States. Resources are more limited in Northern Ireland and are a little more rationed out. Everyone that needs attention gets attention. In Ireland they do non emphasize out approximately medical measures and cipher goes belly-up or loses a place because of an accident. In this civilization they besides are more likely to acquire aid earlier on because they can afford it as it is portion of a national plan. One thing the Irish are bad about making is following doctor’s orders. In this civilization. people stop making what their physicians tell them to make one time they start experiencing better. which is non a good pattern as they are non leting their organic structures to to the full go healthy once more. Last. the Hmong civilization is by and large rather healthy. Sonja Her provinces that their diets are based mostly on soups. veggies. rice and noodles. Besides. m any people in this community are nurserymans. They tend to hold large gardens and turn their ain nutrients to sell at the farmer’s markets. This besides allows for more exercising and healthy nutrient. The bulk of Hmong people are either Shaman or Christian. Most households have person that know how to utilize herbs to maintain healthy and many make different teas or unctions from herbs they buy at the Hmong markets or turn in their gardens. Families besides try to take attention of basic achings and hurting. colds. grippe and things like arthritis at place. By seeking to handle these types of things at place. many Hmong adult female do spooning or rubbing an country of tegument smartly with a spoon. They besides do cupping. which is using negative suction force per unit area on the tegument with a cup. Most Hmong people follow all the major regulations in the Unites States refering helmets and place belts. They besides extremely believe in talismans and protections strings which are ruddy necklaces with Ag and brass. white fabrics with ruddy or white strings on the cervix. carpuss or weaponries. This civilization believes these accoutrements carry a power and will protect them. Like most Americans. Hmong believe that unwellnesss are caused by things like diseases. accidents. environment and familial factors. They besides believe that the psyche can do some unwellnesss which is believed more so by the older coevals. They feel that when a individual becomes ill it is because they upset the liquors doing them roll off from the organic structure. They feel they become ill at this minute because the liquors are unable to happen their manner back to the organic structure. Sometimes it’s an hurt that causes the spirit to go forth. or experiencing sad. lonely or afraid. They besides believe people can acquire ill after a awful event and the spirit might go forth out of fright. The newer coevals of Hmong does use the tradition of utilizing the herbs. tea. cupping and spooning but by and large prefer to see their physician for any unwellnesss so they are able to be treated suitably and rapidly. By analyzing the differences of these three civilizations. it is really evident that each of them are rather different but this author did happen some similarities with each of them. We all continue to remain in close contact with relations even though they do non populate in close propinquity. We all attended public school. celebrate spiritual vacations. and fix nutrients from our cultural backgrounds. When comparing their wellness traditions to this writer’s. it seems as though we all will see a physician for our wellness attention but by and large do non travel in until it is perfectly necessary. Culture is shaped by values. beliefs. norms. and patterns that are shared by members of the same cultural group and cultural values are alone. single looks of a peculiar civilization that have been accepted as appropriate over time ( Edelman A ; Mandle. 2010. p. 33 ) With this said. it is so improbably of import to be non-stereotypical so it is easier to be accepting of other civilizations and genuinely have the chance to appreciate how they live by their traditions. Mentions Edelman. C. L. . A ; Mandle. C. L. ( 2010 ) . Health Promotion Throughout the Lifespan ( 7th ed. ) . [ Evolve ] . Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //pageburstls. elsevier. com/ # /books/9780323056625/pages/49129901 How civilization influences wellness beliefs. ( n. d. ) . Retrieved from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www. euromedinfo. eu/how-culture-influences-health-beliefs. html/

Compare and Analyze the Representation of New York in the films Manhattan and Taxi Driver Essays

Compare and Analyze the Representation of New York in the films Manhattan and Taxi Driver Essays Compare and Analyze the Representation of New York in the films Manhattan and Taxi Driver Essay Compare and Analyze the Representation of New York in the films Manhattan and Taxi Driver Essay This essay will be a comparison of Manhattan and Taxi Driver in the way that they represent New York in the opening scene. The voiceovers in both movies are very different, the only thing they have in common is that both the people speaking have accents only derived from New York. In Manhattan the voiceover is very distinct and clear. The voiceover in Manhattan is of the main character re-iterating the different beginnings of his latest novel. Whereas in Taxi Driver the voiceover is like a diary entry, more casual than informative. Compared to Manhattan this is very informative. Therefore showing that Manhattan has been created in a tourist brochure type of style. Although everything does seem to be perfect some bad light is shined on the place when Woody Allen says. The society that has been desensitised by drugs, crime and television. Apart from that the tourist brochure side does really come out, in the way that all the tourist attractions and the good parts of the city are shown. Woody Allens description of the city also shines light on how wonderful it is to stay and shop there and showing clean str eets and happy shoppers throughout the opening scene. Unlike Manhattan, Taxi Driver doesnt a voiceover until Travis Bickles diary entry. The voiceover for the first coupe of minutes can be classified as the everyday sounds around Travis Bickle. Besides when the diary entry does start it doesnt bring as much life to the beginning of the film like Manhattan does. This is because the deiary7 entry seems more like a narration. Both movies are set in the same city if New York, but are shown in different perspectives. In Taxi Driver the town is mainly filmed at night, which would look different to Manhattan which was filmed for the majority in the daytime. In Taxi Driver everything seems very sleazy; filming in slow motion shows just how seedy the place is. on the other hand Manhattan shows New York as a lovely place. In the daytime you can see the hustle and bustle of the business people on the streets. Everything looks orderly and organised. Manhattan portrays New Yorks distinguished architecture and its astounding tourist attractions in its glorified beauty. The nightlife doesnt seem any different showing the flashing lights of Broadway and other night time entertainment. A counter-argument is that the few bags of rubbish you do see and the crime mentioned shows the ways the people brush aside their problems. In the same way as Taxi Driver touching on the bad part of New York, but not in the same depth. The people in the movies are extremely dissimilar. The people in Manhattan show the classier side of New York with the blue collar workers and business men and women getting on with their lives. You can also see a few children run past that go to a private school. In comparison with Taxi Driver it looks quite elegant. Taxi Driver focuses on Travis Bickle and the people and the people you see through his eyes. The employer you see in front of Travis Bickles interview is not very well dressed and has stains and dirty marks on his shirt. Indicating that there cant be many good jobs in that are of New York. The way Travis Bickle is dressed also indicates this, also that the areas looks as if it cant provide good legal jobs. The employer asks if Travis Bickle has been involved in moonlighting which is an illegal activity. This suggests that it is hard to get a good and officially authorized job. The women you see also act as evidence because they seem to be working on all the corners of t he red light district that Travis Bickle decides to drive through. This area is very squalid and all the women are like that too. Seeing this movie from a mans point of view makes the prostitutes look worse than they actually are. Martin Scorcese, the director of Taxi Driver, makes the movie this way to show how realistic the people in the slums of New York are, furthermore under miming the way Manhattan depicts New York and its people. Each film has positive and negative parts in their beginnings. However it seems that taxi Driver is mostly negative and for the most part Manhattan is positive. Manhattan shows the more positive views through the people and the city. You se a big port and tall buildings, trees and lakes exemplifying the great and ambitious aspects of the city. The night life is no different showing an absolutely dissimilar side of New York o that shown in Taxi Driver. With Broadway shown amongst restaurants and theatres shows people on this side of New York have expensive tastes. You see the New York skyline lit up by the various fireworks going off signifying a mood of celebrating. They are celebrating how well their city operates, looks, functions and the amount of people that must visit it every day. This is different from Taxi Driver, which has nothing to celebrate. The repulsive taxi rank seems to be one of the best looking and decent buildings I the beginning of the movie. In addition the women seen are disgraceful hence representing the world around them. Being an ex-marine Travis Bickles view of women is sexist and distasteful. Therefore Martin Scorcese is again showing the more realistic views of New York through Taxi Driver. The possible target audience for both movies would be teenagers and young adults. Manhattan seems to be targeted at a more women than men. The storyline is based on love, the places the camera takes you and the movie starts off with the beginning of a novel being re-iterated. In addition some surveys show that more women read than men and women would seem to be attracted to that aspect of the movie. Manhattan can be considered as coming from a male point of view, but still attracts to watch. Being a romantic style film and showing the more elegant walks of life. Alternatively Taxi Driver is more of a masculine film. A male being the main character suggests this and the flat looks. His flat looks threadbare and not very homely. Suggesting he doesnt have many visitors. A marine is a very masculine profession and the look of Travis Bickle shows hes got muscles. The area he drives through is quite rough, another reason there will be a lot of violence throughout the movie because it has a n 18 certificate. In addition illegal actions are illegal activities are mentioned such as moonlighting which shows the type of people hat would watch the movie. Another illegal activity seen is prostitution this would cut out the Christian community for seeing this movie as prostitution as a version of sin. The target audience for this movie would be more adults and those that have no reactions to violent conduct. As Taxi Driver gives a more realistic view of New York that not many children would be allowed to watch. Equally Manhattan is realistic in its own way, although Taxi Driver gives it a more brutal look. The places Travis Bickle looks at and the way he lives is how you would expect someone with his status to live. He is unemployed fresh out of the marines and doesnt seem to have much money. He lives in a dingy flat with bars on the windows and the employer he goes to see ahs a lot of people in with illegal dealings asking for jobs. Yet on the other hand as Manhattan only gives you brief views of places and doesnt go into that much detail. So you cannot see how the people you encounter live their lives. So I would say that Taxi Driver is realistic in the way that it brings out the character Travis Bickle adapting to his surroundings. You can tell this by his sort of uncaring attitude which matches that of the places he goes around. The way that Manhattan shows its realism is the way the people are around the camera. They seem to be getting on without bothering about anyone else which is what most people that might expect New York to be like. Also that the nightlife seems expensive and enjoyable, this is how tourist brochures would describe the town as well. In conclusion I would say that the two ways that New York is portrayed in these movies are similar in certain aspects. Although most of the values that both movies have that seem to make them popular to watch are entirely different. They both have intriguing and outstanding views with New York make both of these movies a must see and have a very high status in the movie ratings.

Tarrifs and Trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tarrifs and Trade - Essay Example Thus, the overall effect of a tariff implemented by a small nation must reduce the national welfare (Nunn & Trefler, 2010). Thus, whenever a small country will implement the tariff, the national welfare is bound to fall, and the higher the tariff will be set, the more the loss will be experienced and consumers will lose as government recipients and producers spending gain. In a large country, consumers of the good suffer from the price increase, as the producers will experience a well-being increase from the tariff. Thus, the tariff net effect is composed of three major results that are a negative distortion in production, positive trade effect terms as well as a negative consumption distortion. Thus, there are both positive and negative elements as the effect can be either negative or positive. However, the overall result is that it can be positive implying that a tariff that is implemented by a large nation may increase the national welfare (Debaere & Mostashari, 2010). Unlike quotas, tariffs are important as they generate the government some revenue. The US according to statistics collects over 20 billion a year from revenue from tariff that could be lost with quotas (Motoshige Itoh & Yoshiyasu Ono, 1982). Another reason is that quotas may result in administrative corruption. Tariffs provide customs officials with authority and power providing access to favored organizations and denying the lesser-favored ones as opposed to import quotas. Moreover, import quotas have a high probability of causing smuggling especially when set at unreasonable values (Grant, Hertel, & Rutherford, 2009). A strong dollar is good while, on the other hand, weak is bad. As the generalization sounds simple, it is very different and confusing when it comes to the dollar. A strong dollar is very strong when compared to other foreign currency, and the vice-versa is

Research of the HIV Virus (as a pathogenic microorganism) Essay

Research of the HIV Virus (as a pathogenic microorganism) - Essay Example HIV can be transmitted – and therefore originates – from direct contact of a mucous membrane with a bodily fluid that contains HIV, such as semen, vaginal fluid, blood, preseminal fluid, or even breast milk. This transmission can come in any of several forms: penetrative (anal or vaginal) sex, oral sex, blood transfusion, contaminated needles, exchange between mother and infant during pregnancy or childbirth, exchange between mother and infant during breastfeeding, or through any other exposure to one of the above bodily fluids. HIV is spread most commonly by having unprotected sex with an infected partner. There are several early warning symptoms of the HIV infection. Many people do not experience any of these symptoms when they first become infected, but â€Å"†¦may, however, have a flu-like illness within a month or two after exposure to the virus.† (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2005). These symptoms can and may include any or all of the following: month or two after first experienced and are then often mistaken as had being simply another viral infection, such as a cold or flu. It is during this period that people are especially infectious, which may partially explain the increasing epidemic of the virus. In fact, more persistent or severe symptoms may not actually even appear for 10 years or more after HIV first enters the body in adults, or within 2 years in children born with HIV infection. â€Å"This period of ‘asymptomatic’ infection varies greatly in each individual. Some people may begin to have symptoms within a few months, while others may be symptom-free for more than 10 years.† (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 2005). Although there is this ‘asymptomatic’ period of the virus, the entire time the virus is still actively multiplying, infecting and killing cells of the immune system. The virus can also hide within infected cells and lay

Answer the Question, "Who is Jesus for You" Essay

Answer the Question, "Who is Jesus for You" - Essay Example d’s son, I partially see Him this way and I believe that He is definitely present somewhere in this world in metaphysical sense, as the Lord does, but maybe as someone who helps the Lord, but not the Lord Himself. The problem of understanding Jesus the same way as the God-Father and the Holy Spirit has always been controversial for me, because I couldn’t understand or even imagine how Trinity works and why the Lord has the tripartite nature. However, unlike Jesus, it has always been easier to imagine the God-Father and the Holy Spirit as divine personalities, because Jesus he was a real human being and a human being can’t be God. That’s why I consider Jesus as the Lord’s assistant and even His son in human disguise, but not the Lord Himself. However, I believe that Jesus is the closest to God person of all people who ever existed and that he is acting in this world together with the

PESTLE Analysis of Gazprom Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PESTLE Analysis of Gazprom - Coursework Example As the paper outlines, Gazprom contributes nearly 10% of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Russia and aims to make the company the leader in the energy sector (Green Peace, 2013). It supplies resources to the people of Russia and other countries and helps in generating electricity for the people. Much of the revenues of Gazprom are generated from exporting gas to the European countries. The prices charged from the foreign consumers are five times more than the Russian consumers. The growth of the company can be observed from its 5 Years Dividend Growth which is 17.63% with the current P/E ratio of 2.4931. Gazprom, in order to become the leader of the natural gas and oil segment, has explored its business in various European countries and thus has become a profitable corporation (Bloomberg, 2013; Victor, 2008). The objective of the company is to do a PESTLE analysis of Gazprom. The impacts of the political, economic, social and other factors on the operations of the company would be evaluated with a precise focus on the influence of Eastern Europe. PESTLE Analysis The business of Gazprom operates in an environment which is surrounded by several key factors. To evaluate the factors, to understand the opportunities and the threats of the environment PESTLE analysis is conducted. This analysis helps in understanding the environment and the future scopes of the company in the region owing to the social, economic and political perspectives along with the government policies of the region. In this regard, it is determined that Gazprom has its base in Russia and the maximum amount of revenue for the company comes from the Eastern European economy. PESTLE analysis would enable to derive an understanding of the influencing factors which are or would affect the company’s performance, especially in the Eastern European region. Political The government policies of Russia affect the business of Gazprom. Due to government policies, Gazprom enjoyed the power of monopoly for several years in its prices and distribution process of natural gas. The government of Russia submitted a proposal for the intergovernmental agreement which affected the cross border infrastructure. These treaties eradicated the monopoly of the company but made the trade easier. The political rationale behind the policy implication was to expand the business in Russia and in overseas. The traditional political policy was hampering the market share of Gazprom in the European market and hence the need for the tie-up with Qatar emerged to help the company and the country in gaining importance in Europe (Hulbert, n.d.). The investment from the Russia government would help in the development of Gazprom and the economy of the country as well. Moreover, it is also observed that the political dispute between Russia and Ukraine was affecting the gas prices and its trade. The use of gas by Moscow from the underground gas storage affected the transportation to Europe. The trade barriers and the high prices are affecting the business and the economy of Russia. To regain its market in the European countries, an agreement is being done by the government to lower the price of gases in Lithuania. Moreover, the Russian political environment used Gazprom as an instrument for foreign policy to remove gas supply to Georgia and Moldova.

Design and Implementation a Web-based System for Manipulating Internal Dissertation

Design and Implementation a Web-based System for Manipulating Internal Administration Tasks - Dissertation Example With the upsurge in the application of IT in virtually all sectors today, it is essential that such management and administration practices are put in control to enhance efficiency. This is a report on a web application that enables workers to collaborate efficiently on various projects within the company. In this web application, all the personnel in the company handling various projects are entered as users. All the users have access to the entire team through advanced search techniques. The web application also caters for the payments database administered by the finance officer. There is an additional package that caters for plans related to the employees’ holidays.. There is an additional Voice over Internet server, created in Asterisk that will be used to manage calls within the company, and also manage conferences. The report includes a discussion of the research undertaken in developing this application, the design and design parameters of the system. A literature revi ew of the various existing and related systems has also been done. From a study of the various systems used to manage companies internally, the web application seeks to correct various flaws, and establish efficiency, as will be explained in this report. Contents Acknowledgements 1 I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Mohammed Saraee for his continued support, time and motivation throughout this project. I would also to thank my parents, family and friends for their constant support and inspiration throughout this project. 1 I would like to thank all the people who gave up their time and provided suggestions and constant feedbacks throughout the process. 1 Abstract 2 Contents 3 1.1 Project Motivation 6 1.1.1 Supervisor motivation 6 1.1.2 Personal motivation 7 1.2 Requirements Analysis 8 1.3 Aims & Objectives 8 1.3.1 Project Description 8 1.4 Approach Adopted in Undertaking Project 8 1.4.1 Research 8 1.4.2 Testing 9 1.5 Project Plan 10 1.6 Outline of Report 10 2.0 BACKGROUND AND L ITERATURE SURVEY 12 2.1 Benefits of the proposed system 12 2.2 Disadvantages of the current system 14 2.3 Requirements of the proposed system 15 2.3.1 Accuracy 16 2.3.1 Transparency and fairness 17 2.3.3 Integration with other systems 18 2.4 Phases in the system implementation 18 2.4.1 Assessment 18 2.4.2 Planning 19 2.4.3 System design 20 2.4.4 Implementation 21 2.4.5 Maintenance and updating 23 3.0 Specification and Design 25 3.1The requirements phase 25 3.1.1 Software requirements 25 3.1.2 Hardware requirements 25 3.1.3 Project requirements 25 3.2 Design of the internal administration website 27 3.2.1 Platform 27 3.2.2 Model View Controller 28 3.2.3 CodeIgniter 29 3.2.3Tools and Languages used in the system 29 3.2.4Systems architecture 30 3.3 Use case diagram 32 3.5 database Schema 33 3.6 codes used in the program (Those that stand out) 33 3.6.1 Model 33 3.6.2 Controller 34 3.6.3 View 35 3.6.4 Database insertion (Model) 36 3.6.5 Deleting from the database 38 3.6.6 Authentication 39 Chapter 4: Development and Implementation 39 4.1 Technologies applied 40 4.2 functional implementation 41 4.2.1 Application building in CodeIgniter 41 Chapter 5: Testing 45 5.1Beta testing 45 5.2 Security testing 46 5.2.1Password Cracking 46 5.2.2 SQL Injection 46 5.2.3 Cross site scripting 47 5.2.4 URL Manipulation; 47 Chapter 6: walk through the system 48 6.1Profile

PESTLE Analysis of Gazprom Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PESTLE Analysis of Gazprom - Coursework Example As the paper outlines, Gazprom contributes nearly 10% of the national Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Russia and aims to make the company the leader in the energy sector (Green Peace, 2013). It supplies resources to the people of Russia and other countries and helps in generating electricity for the people. Much of the revenues of Gazprom are generated from exporting gas to the European countries. The prices charged from the foreign consumers are five times more than the Russian consumers. The growth of the company can be observed from its 5 Years Dividend Growth which is 17.63% with the current P/E ratio of 2.4931. Gazprom, in order to become the leader of the natural gas and oil segment, has explored its business in various European countries and thus has become a profitable corporation (Bloomberg, 2013; Victor, 2008). The objective of the company is to do a PESTLE analysis of Gazprom. The impacts of the political, economic, social and other factors on the operations of the company would be evaluated with a precise focus on the influence of Eastern Europe. PESTLE Analysis The business of Gazprom operates in an environment which is surrounded by several key factors. To evaluate the factors, to understand the opportunities and the threats of the environment PESTLE analysis is conducted. This analysis helps in understanding the environment and the future scopes of the company in the region owing to the social, economic and political perspectives along with the government policies of the region. In this regard, it is determined that Gazprom has its base in Russia and the maximum amount of revenue for the company comes from the Eastern European economy. PESTLE analysis would enable to derive an understanding of the influencing factors which are or would affect the company’s performance, especially in the Eastern European region. Political The government policies of Russia affect the business of Gazprom. Due to government policies, Gazprom enjoyed the power of monopoly for several years in its prices and distribution process of natural gas. The government of Russia submitted a proposal for the intergovernmental agreement which affected the cross border infrastructure. These treaties eradicated the monopoly of the company but made the trade easier. The political rationale behind the policy implication was to expand the business in Russia and in overseas. The traditional political policy was hampering the market share of Gazprom in the European market and hence the need for the tie-up with Qatar emerged to help the company and the country in gaining importance in Europe (Hulbert, n.d.). The investment from the Russia government would help in the development of Gazprom and the economy of the country as well. Moreover, it is also observed that the political dispute between Russia and Ukraine was affecting the gas prices and its trade. The use of gas by Moscow from the underground gas storage affected the transportation to Europe. The trade barriers and the high prices are affecting the business and the economy of Russia. To regain its market in the European countries, an agreement is being done by the government to lower the price of gases in Lithuania. Moreover, the Russian political environment used Gazprom as an instrument for foreign policy to remove gas supply to Georgia and Moldova.

How can public transport systems be improved in the uk Essay

How can public transport systems be improved in the uk - Essay Example The UK toad transport system, for example, is faced by endless traffic jams and expensive parking spots (Paulley et al 2006). This has called for improvement of the UK transportation system. More than other areas, the public transportation system needs improvement in order to serve members of the public better. A good public transportation system is vital in building a good society, in addition to creating a strong economy. A good public transportation system for the UK should be fair for all users and be properly integrated to ensure the effective flow of door-to-door transport services. To achieve this, public transport stakeholders should work together with local authorities and transport operators to improve rail and public road transport (Paulley et al 2006). There should also be improved access to public transportation system through good cycle paths, roads, and sidewalks for pedestrians. Furthermore, the transport systems, especially roads should have traffic signs which go a long way in easing traffic flow, reducing accidents, and providing direction to members of the public. A good public transport will ensure that people do not use their personal cars every time they travel, which is important in reducing congestion on the roads (Litman et al 2008). Reduced use of personal cars will also help in reducing carbon emission and consequently contribute toward the achievement of a cleaner environment. Currently, trains are found far away from many people’s places of residence and are often congested (Wiltshire Council 2011). The current train and bus services cannot compete with personal cars in terms of cost, comfort, and convenience. Furthermore, many bus and train operators are offer low quality services, are expensive, and charge varying fares. Public transport services can be improved through the implementation of traffic management systems (Wiltshire Council 2011). This will help free buses from

From the Slums to the Superstar Status Essay Example for Free

From the Slums to the Superstar Status Essay Abstract He was the most leading emissary and practitioner of the reggae music genre. He embodies its spirit and spreads its message to all the ends of the earth. Bob Marley’s exceptional songs incorporate the stylistic range of the contemporary music of Jamaica spanning ska, rock steady, and eventually reggae. He transported this music further as a social force with worldwide appeal. No other musician was able to transform the cultural as well as musical landscape as significantly as the boy from the slums did. Bob Marley: From the Slums to the Superstar Status The man is like a hero in the classic legends of old. He lived at a time when the concept of One World, One Love inspired by the religion he believes in was starting to be felt and heard. He lived a remarkable life. It remains to have an increasing and utterly strong resonance. His was a life that represents several occasions of mystical wilderness, gangland wars, artistic as well as metaphysical insights, and political cruelty. He has reached a wide audience and his influence continues to spread. His apocalyptic truths are life-changing and inspiring as far as his Western audiences are concerned. His influence extends much further in the Third World region. His impact goes beyond the confines of his native country. He has also touched the lives of the people in certain parts of West Africa, the Maoris of New Zealand, in India and Indonesia as well as the Hopi Indians in New Mexico (Moskowitz, 2007). To these people, he was a redeemer. The elements which contributed to his exceptional works are his talent, his understanding, the love he has to give, and the sadness he felt for the society into which he was born. In his demise, he left a great deal of brilliant music from where people have taken inspiration and lessons out of. A man from a country that belongs to the Third World was able to transcend seeming boundaries. His only tools were his philosophical wisdom and natural humility. He is considered to be the most valuable artist of the 20th century (Toynbee, 2007). He has left an evocative and exceptional music to the world. His music has outlived him. Truly, the songs he made are not only universal but timeless too. Robert Nesta Marley became the first and perhaps the only big name to surface from the third world. From his meager roots, he has grown to become a man of major import and impact that his attempted assassination has political motivations. His musical influence is still felt. He became the first reggae artist to release a full-length LP that instantaneously transformed the 30 year old marketing model (Moskowitz, 2007). Apart from its commercial success, his music has a universal quality that is able to surpass language, social status, and nationality. Bob Marley was a boy from the slums of Jamaica. It was where his music drew inspiration from. His life ended too soon. Nonetheless, he is an artist that was well loved the world over. His superstar status continues to rage on. As a biracial son, his was an unhappy childhood. At a young age, he was already exposed to a society that is cruel and racist. Still, together with the bands he has formed and the music he has played, Bob Marley was able to realize success not only in his native country but even across the globe. His background is of particular essence. He was the first to rise to the ranks of superstar status, the first from a Third World country, that is. He was one of the rebellious and charismatic artists of recent history whose music reflects his humble origin. Jamaica’s history of slavery lingers on the memory of its people. Slavery has filtered through the very heart of Bob Marley’s native country, from the mid-nineteenth century plantations to the popular music of recent times. Even though it has been eradicated way back in 1834, the Africans and their offspring started to develop a culture of their own from what is left from their traditional way of life and combining them with other British traditions (Moskowitz, 2007). Precisely, such mixed culture had certain similarities with the rising society of people of color in the United States. Still, Bob Marley’s native country remained to be a rural community that exclusive of the industrialization of its northern neighbor was more strongly attached to its African heritage. Bob Marley was able to leave behind numerous songs even though his life was relatively short-lived. Not like other songwriters, he was took part in all phases of creation of his music. Bob Marley penned the lyrics of his songs, he worked on the instrumental parts, his was found inside the control room while in the process of laying down his tracks (Moskowitz, 2007). Moreover, he also took part in the overdubbing and editing process involved in the creation of his music. His music was essentially reggae that it practically cornered the â€Å"roots reggae† term. Bob’s rhythm section initiated what came to be called as the â€Å"one drop† rhythm. The term refers to the standard roots reggae groove. It can be done by accenting the drum only on beat three of a four beat measure. Normally, in Western Europe’s classical music, the accentuation is placed on beats one and three of a four beat measure. On the other hand, the second and fourth beats of a four beat measure are accentuated in the American rock and roll music (Moskowitz, 2007). The unique rhythm set his apart from the ones he has grown accustomed to. Such rhythm gave his music a distinct Jamaican character. Moreover, the man was likewise a skilled lyricist. He was able to construct expressively powerful chains of words which are apparently pleasant to the ears yet contain serious punches the moment their meanings are explored. Bob Marley was able to extract the sense as well as the emotion out of every word and then skillfully conceal them in laid-back â€Å"island†-sounding music. It was his intention. If Bob Marley’s songs were quite clearly venomous or political, perhaps it could not have crossed over into the airwaves or has gained commercial success. He exhibited a kind of front which manifested itself in the way he carried himself and the way he looked. He was usually seen dressed up in pants, shirts, boots, and stocking hats or â€Å"tams† (Moskowitz, 2007). While performing, Bob Marley usually fell into a trance-like state as he sings his songs. Bob Marley sings with eyes closed as he flails his arms and his dreadlocks swings to the rhythm. This is the character that is distinctly Bob Marley. He became the foremost star from the so-called â€Å"world music† (Stephens, 1999). Born to a biracial family in the year 1945, he was exposed to the extraordinary musical culture of his native country in the 1950s. The American rhythm and blues, the rumba and calypso of the Caribbean, the ballroom dance of Europe, the Protestant Revivalist hymns, and the drumming sounds of African music are the songs he has heard while growing up (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). Attached to the networks which connected Jamaican families to the North American and English communities, part of a local hotel circuit and inter-island club, as far as the popular musicians of Jamaica is concerned, the local was already the global (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). In the year 1962, Bob Marley cut his first records as a singer (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). He was only 17 years old at that time. The following year, he assembled a vocal group which came to be known as the Wailers. Inspired by existing American soul acts like Curtis Mayfield’s Impressions, Bob Marley and his band were used by their producer, Coxsone Dodd, as an in-house vocal group to front whatever was fashionable at that time on the local dance floor. They then covered versions of international soul and pop hits, ska, rocksteady. In 1963 and 1966, they were able to release approximately eighty singles with enough hits to launch the group as Jamaica’s most successful. However, in 1966 the group was reduced to a vocal trio which included Bob Marley, his childhood friend, Bunny Livingstone, and Peter Tosh. The stripped-down vocal group that recruited the Barrett brothers, Carlton and Aston to play the drums and bass, dedicated themselves to Rastafarianism and started working with producer Lee Perry, who added a rhythm section and encouraged them to come up with their unique sound and material (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). The Wailers’ records around this time were instrumental in defining reggae as a music genre. It was also during this time that Bob Marley started to make his mark onto the British pop. A Jamaican music entrepreneur by the name of Chris Blackwell, who was concerned in supplying reggae records to the British Jamaican community through the Trojan label and was developing new rock acts under his Island label, heard the new Wailers sound and came into a realization that his two markets need not be separated from one another (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). He believed that the reggae music of the Wailers can be sold to rock fans. His first Island album entitled Catch a Fire which was released in 1973 serves as a blueprint for international music marketing (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). It can not be denied that the Wailer’s distinction lies not only in the complexity and dynamism of reggae as compared to rock music, but in the exotic quality of Rastafarianism itself. Their songs became recognizable in the production standards, the enhanced guitar accompaniment and of course, the distinct voice of Bob Marley (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). His religion and music as it appears covers an ancient mysticism that is quite suitable for the shanty town of his origin. There is certainly something of the prophet about him which makes him unique from the other popular music stars and allows diverse constituencies to grab him. To a certain degree, it has something to do with Bob Marley’s mission, a passionate drive to create music and in the process, proclaim the truth about the world. Still, to some extent, it can be attributed to the man’s poetic vision, taken in equivalent measure from the King James Bible and patwa, the creole language of Jamaica (Toynbee, 2007). Moreover, it has something to do with the mystery of his life. His mother is black while his father is white. He was born in a colonial island in the Caribbean. Nonetheless, the boy of humble decent became one of the most respectable superstars the world has ever known. Many years have already past since his demise but he remains to be that superstar from the third world to rise to such phenomenal status. Undeniably, all of the aforementioned factors are of the essence. However, the most vital component in the creation of Bob Marley’s Messianic aura lies in the careful and effective repackaging of his music by the culture industry at a time when the legendary artist is already gone. If the measure of celebrity status is based on amount, in the sense that the more people know who a certain person is, the more famous that person is considered to be, it is safe to say therefore that Bob Marley is quite a very famous celebrity (Toynbee, 2007). He has long been gone yet his music lives on. His audience still exists. Perhaps, he is indeed the most popular musical figure of the modern times. Certainly, in the north and west of the global market, figures do give some indication of the man’s celebrity status. There is the existence of cumulative sales, for instance. In the year 2005, Bob Marley’s albums have earned sales amounting to 16. 5 million in the United States alone (Toynbee, 2007). In 2005, he placed twelfth in the Forbes list of Top-Earning Dead Celebrities. The list was based on total yearly revenue which takes into account earnings generated not purely from record sales but counting as well those earned from the exploitation of merchandising, licensing deals, and copyright to name a few. It gives a more rounded gauge of celebrity status in comparison to record sales. Such list even reflects worldwide earnings (Toynbee, 2007). However, the global factor of such figures from the cultural industries barely arrives at the man’s status in the marginal regions around the globe. Here, his audiences listen to his music on cassette tapes which are generally copied and spread outside official music industry channels. Statistics are not available for such kind of activity. There is even no way to measure the circulation of images of the man in the form of drawings and posters, or the proliferation of tales about him. There is also no available statistics to tell the number of local musicians playing his songs, or have simply considered him as the inspiration in their respective musical careers. To be considered popular exclusive of buying power, even when it accounts to the millions, has not so much value in the cultural industries in the center of the global system (Toynbee, 2007). To be famous means to have a greater social importance even when measures are not registered commercially. That kind of distinction bucks the system, signifying that there are certain autonomous tendencies working on. In that light, and considering anecdote and some somewhat unreliable verifications it appears to be logical to state that in the international south, Bob Marley is certainly quite famous. Combining such assessments with the available statistics, it can be concluded that the man is a universal superstar of the present day (Toynbee, 2007). The sheer geographical stretch of his achievements is visibly noteworthy. However, it also has an unusual quality. Bob Marley is not only a superstar. He is a third world star who traces his roots from the small Caribbean island of Jamaica, and eventually securing an audience and a particular resonance across the underprivileged citizens from the southern part of the world. Remarkably, he remains to be the only figure of this kind. Certainly, there are other successful artists who hailed from the margins, for instance form what came to be known as â€Å"world music† (Toynbee, 2007). Produced primarily in former colonies beginning in the middle part of the 1980s, world music has been secured an audience from the middle-class market in the highly developed capitalist nations of the world. Nonetheless, it remains to be a small niche, representing only 2 per cent of worldwide recorded music sales (Toynbee, 2007). Bob Marley was ultimately to surface as the first reggae superstar, even though the Wailers’ success created conflicts within the group. Prior to the third album, Natty Dread which was released in 1974, Livingston and Tosh were refusing to go on another exhausting tour of the United States and Britain (Hebdige, 1990). Bob Marley revised the line-up for the 1975 tour. He hired musicians and added a female backing group which came to be known as the I-Threes. He toured Africa, Europe, and North America over the next few years. He even produced a live album called the Wailers Live and three other LPs for Island Records, namely, Rastaman Vibration, Exodus and Kaya. During his final years, he gained the respect of not only his fellow Jamaicans but also of other music critics and audiences the world over (Hebdige, 1990). In the year 1976, the album entitled Rastaman Vibration broke into the hit charts in America (Hebdige, 1990). For most people, the aforementioned album was yet the most obvious display of the man’s beliefs and music. The worldwide success received by this album strengthened the increasing political importance of Bob Marley in his native town wherein his Rastafarian views reverberated clearly among the ghetto youth. As a gesture of thanksgiving to his fellow Jamaicans, he made a decision to stage a free concert at the National Heroes Park in Kingston scheduled on the 5th day of December 1976 (Moskowitz, 2007). The concert was intended to stress the need for peace in the city slums where rival groups have caused murder and chaos. He became a major target for politically motivated violence because of his fame. Shortly following the announcement of the concert, the government declared a December 20th election (Hebdige, 1990). It signaled another ghetto war. Before the scheduled concert, armed men forced an entry into the house of Bob Marley and fired a gun at him. Unfortunately, it was just an attempted assassination. For a while, he thought about whether or not to push through with the concert. Nonetheless, he came out on stage on the scheduled date in defiance of his would-be assassins. Right after the concert, he left his native country for London. He then settled on the English city and recorded another album (Frith, Straw and Street, 2001). His fellow Jamaican artists have taken advantage of the interest in roots reggae which the man has inspired. Groups like the Burning Spear and Culture, the Third World, the Gladiators as well as the Mighty Diamonds have all toured outside of their native country attracted a huge following among young white rock fanatics (Hebdige, 1990). Bunny Livingston and Peter Tosh have both gone on to produce successful solo hits, and they have refused to stay at a far distance from their musical roots. On Tosh’s albums entitled Equal Rights and Legalise It, his audience saw a man who is just as angry as he was back in the old Wailers days when he penned the songs such as Get up, Stand up and 400 Years. On the other hand the Blackheart Man album of Bunny Livingston was his tribute to his fellow Rastas. Both Livingston and Tosh’s albums sold well in the United States and Europe. Tosh even conquered his distaste of touring when he visited Britain way back in 1979. Even Ras Michael and the Sons of Negus, whose music is based on conventional Rasta drumming have toured Britain and played before a white audience (Hebdige, 1990). All of the aforementioned achievements are in the end, owed to the larger success of the man himself. However, part of the reason why his music reached soaring heights is that his musical compositions are basically pleasant-sounding. His brand of music is forever sweet sounding although the lyrics contain critical commentaries about the colonial system. Similar to the calypso artists, he knew how to convey his message across behind a lilting refrain. It is the classic Caribbean package of harsh social criticism concealed in a easy-sounding and uplifting rhythm. He was effectively causing the Western world dance to the rhythm of the prophecies of their own fall (Hebdige, 1990). With the kind of violent society that Bob Marley had surfaced from and rose above, his death seems quite a cruel stroke of fate. It was in the year 1977 when the doctors surgically removed a portion of his toe which had been wounded in a soccer game (Moskowitz, 2007). The doctors found a cancerous lump on his toe. In 1980, while jogging at Central Park, he suddenly collapsed. When he was brought to the hospital, the doctors discovered that the cancer has already spread to other parts of his body. In less than a year later, he succumbed to death. He was all of 36 years old at that time. Even though he died young, the heartbeat reggae rhythms of the vast amount of songs he made have endured. The legend of Bob Marley has transcended the years. Furthermore, his music and charismatic persona has effected a transformation to his native country. On the 21st day of May 1981, Bob Marley was laid to his final resting place with full state honors. In a great paradox, considering the loathed position that Rastafarians and their music once has in Jamaica, One Love, the antiwar reggae song of Bob Marley was adapted by the country’s tourist board as a theme song. In the mean time, his music kept on finding its audience. Garnering sales which amounted to over 10 million in the United States alone, the Legend best of covering the Island Records days from 1972 until 1981 is still the best-selling record of a Jamaican artist and the best-selling reggae album of all time (Moskowitz, 2007). This man’s influence in the music scene during his lifetime and even after is certainly extraordinary. Together with his band, he has sold over 21 million starting in 1991 (Moskowitz, 2007). The figures have not been collected until after 10 years has passed since the time of his death. Moreover, he was bestowed with the Jamaican Order of Merit, received a Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, became a Rock and Roll Hall of Famer, and was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (Moskowitz, 2007). Apart from the aforementioned and all the other awards he has received during his lifetime and even after his death, the real measure of his worth is time itself. He was long gone. Nonetheless, his music is still as relevant, remarkable and popular as it was at the time it was initially released in the market. The hypnotic and loping beats of reggae music bear a distinct signature which climbed to the 1970s music scene on the forefront, primarily through the music of Bob Marley and his band under the Tuff and Island recording labels. The songs they made, particularly the ones included in the Rastaman and Natty Dread albums remain to be the landmarks of reggae that served as the voice of the disfranchised and poverty-stricken Jamaicans and, by extension, to the people of the world. Through his music, Bob Marley was able to fill them with dignity and pride of heritage, no matter how sad real life seems to be. Furthermore, his reggae music hits gave rhythmic boost which has what he prefers to call â€Å"positive vibrations† to those who listen to them. No matter how his sound was perceived, be it the dance music with a strong political undertone or political music fit for dancing, the music of Bob Marley is a powerful remedy for difficult times. References Frith, S. , Straw, W. , Street, J. (2001). The Cambridge Companion to Pop and Rock. New York: Cambridge University Press. Hebdige, D. (1990). Cut ‘n’ Mix: Culture, Identity, and Caribbean Music. New York: Routledge. Moskowitz, D. V. (2007). Bob Marley: A Biography. California: Greenwood Publishing Group. Stephens, G. (1999). On Racial Frontiers: The New Culture of Frederick Douglas, Ralph Ellison, and Bob Marley. New York: Cambridge University Press. Toynbee, J. (2007). Bob Marley: Herald of a Postcolonial World? Cambridge: Polity.

Adaptive Input And Output Devices

Adaptive Input And Output Devices Technology has been advancing and developing rapidly in the current era. The current era, also known as the information era, have involved in workers in the creation, distribution and the use of information. However, an adaptive and assistive device is also being invented to aid the disabled in using the computer. An assistive device can allow disabled people to accomplish daily living tasks, work, and education or recreation activities. It helps them enhance their quality of life and achieve greater independence. Assistive Technology devices can also improve physical and mental functioning, overcome a disorder and impairment, and strengthen a mental or physical weakness, aid people in improving their capacity to learn or even replace a missing limb. 2.0 Adaptive input and output devices An adaptive device is a structure, instrument or equipment which makes life easier for people who has a disability physically or mentally. It is a product which helps people who is not able to use regular version of products. It is invented for people with physical disabilities such as limitation to vision, hearing or mobility. Adaptive technology helps with greater effectiveness for people with functional limits or incapacities by allowing them to complete tasks that they were not able or had great difficulty to complete. Adaptive Technology also provides different methods of interacting with or enhancements in communication to the disabled. The personal computer (PC) can be the support of independence for lots of individuals with physical, sensory and learning disabilities. Many individuals with disabilities face several problems in terms of computer input, or using a computer for reading documentation on the monitor and interpreting output. For the disabled, the keyboard, mouse and monitor are the prime concern so adaptive and assistive software and hardware have been invented to provide assistants. Screen reader programs are created to allow a totally blind person to use the computer. These programs convert texts and icons into dialogue so one is able use a computer without the need to look at the monitor. PC access and accessible computer equipment aids can make computer users easier to use word processing programs, send e-mail, and surf the internet, but also able to aid non-computer users to handle many non-computer tasks. System which aids individuals who are not independent in verbal communication is known as an augmentative communication system. This system can include speech, sign language, gestures, synthesized speech, symbols, dedicated communication aids or microcomputers. Optical Character Recognition (OCR) There are many types of devices which are available to aid the disabled people. They are optical character recognition (OCR), screen readers, trackball and head wand or head stick. An Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is a software system which is used to scan printed or handwritten materials at electronic speed by simply scanning the form directly into the computer. OCR is able to scan word characters images through the scanner and then recognition engine of the OCR system interpret the images and turn images of printed or handwritten word into ASCII (America Standard Code for Information Interchange) data. This device allows users to automate data captured from forms, eliminate keystrokes quickly to reduce data entry costs and still maintain the high level of accuracy required in forms processing applications. The Many Facets of OCR The process of the OCR devices work The Optical Character Recognition device replaces the monitor to aid the visual-impaired person. Â  It has the ability to scan printed text or document and then speak it back in synthetic speech to the users or save it to a computer. Screen Reader The screen readers are software programs which provide speech or Braille output. It allows a visually impaired person to read text or words on the computer screen and identify icons on the Desktop or buttons which is graphic like on a toolbar. The user receives info from the computers sound card or the speech synthesizer.Screen readers are commonly employed by person who is blind or visually impaired. Screen reader also allows the user to navigate the computer using the keyboard instead of the mouse. Keyboard commands which are used by blind person are mostly the same commands a normal person can use on their computer. A special keyboard commands which provided by the screen reader is also used by blind persons. Besides listening to the information read by the screen reader, some people prefer using a refreshable Braille display. A Braille display is different from the computer screen. The Braille display is usually located close or below the keyboard. The screen reader sends information on the screen to the Braille display. Then, the user put his fingers on the display and read the information in Braille as it appears on the Braille display. Braille displays for useful to people who are deaf and blind and people who work on a job which involve them to speak to clients on the phone or in a place which require people to remain silent like a library. A screen reader uses text to speech synthesizer to send information out about what is displaying on the screen as it is a memory resident program. Currently, system hooks is use to gain access to keyboard input, menu and dialog box messages on most Windows screen readers. The screen reader replaces the monitor as it is used by the blind people. A computer can be used without the use of the monitor with screen reader software that allows the screen display available as synthesized speech. Blind people usually use a screen reader to replace the monitor. Foot mouse A foot mouse is a computer mouse which is used by a person who has physical disabilities with high-back, neck, limited or no use in their upper arms. The foot mouse can be used to control the cursor through the computer software program to select text, icon and other item in the same way as a normal hand mouse. Using a foot mouse can be slower, because most people have less accurate control movements with their legs and feet compare with their hands. Most foot mice have two segments. One segment is used to control the cursor, while the other segment is used for mouse click or to select shortcuts. Most foot mice also have straps to help to sustain the device in position on the foot during use. http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/uploads/footmouse.jpg Foot mouse with programmable pedal The pedal on the foot mouse with two-level design avoid user from stepping on the incorrect button. These buttons do not only function the same as the hand mouse clicks, it also allow people to program their own customize shortcuts. In addition to people with arm, shoulder or hand difficulties such as stroke, arthritis or amputation, the foot mouse is also suitable for people with carpal tunnel syndrome. The traditional hand mouse can be replaced with foot mouse which allows user to operate the device by foot. It is an input device which is two-part with one foot navigating the cursor while the other controlling the mouse clicks and shortcuts. The cursor controller is just the same as a regular hand mouse. Refreshable Braille Display Reading an electronic document using hands instead of eyes may be almost impossible for most people. However, it is possible for this to be done by using a Braille Display. A Braille display is a device that allows users to read text displayed on the computer screen. With this device, a person who is blind is able to navigate through the computers desktop, edit and create documents or browse the internet. Braille Display is also known as Braille Terminal. Usually, Braille display does not require to install a driver for it to function properly as there arent many types of Braille display and screen readers is able to support most of this device. Once the device is enabled, the Braille Display will obtain the text that is currently highlighted on the display, the screen reader will then translate the text from the computer screen in Braille and the Braille Display will display the translated text on its built-in Braille cells. The Braille Displays use nylon pins or metal to make each cell of Braille dots on the device. Braille display is refreshable, this means when the user navigate to a specific line of text, the device shows the texts Braille corresponding and when the user navigates to another line, the device will automatically display the new text in the new line in Braille. Usually there are eight dots in each cell on a Braille Display. The six dots are for normal character of Braille while the two dots at the bottom are usually for denoting the cursor or highlighting texts. http://www.atarizona.com/media/BVI/BVIbraille7.jpg Braille display which is placed under the keyboard. The monitor can be replaced with Braille Display as monitors cannot be used or see by blind person. Braille Display can be a good assistive device for the blind people as this output device allows the user to read what is being display on the screen. Eye gaze pointing device The eye gaze pointing device is an input device which can be used by people who are unable to use a normal hand or foot mouse, keyboard or a remote control. This device is mounted onto the computer and it is set focus on the users eye. This device consist of a camera which constantly scans one of the users eye and a sofware which analyses the picture taken by the camera to determine which part on the screen the user is looking at. Users are require to sit in front of the eye gaze pointing device with a specialized video camara mounted at the screen or monitor which observes one of the users eyes. Then the software which works together with the device will continually analyzes the image of the eye from the camera and determine where the user is looking on the screen. By looking at the keys or icon which are displayed on the screen. To make a selection with the eye gaze, the user stare or blink at the certain button, icon or other object on the screen which is equivalent to clicking it using a mouse. The mouse and keyboard replace with the eye gaze pointing device. Eye gaze pointing device is suitable for people who are unable to use a normal mouse or keyboard with the their hands. Braille Embosser A Braille Embosser is an impact printer which translate text as Braille. This device makes Braille production more efficient and cost effective as it employs a special translation software to print a printed document. Blind users normally call traditional printers as ink printers to differentiate them from their Braille counterpart. Like ink printers, braille embossers also have all shape and size and are used by personal computer users to large organisations which requires fast, high-volume embossing capabilities. Braille Embosser usually works like a printer. However, instead of printing a text document, this device prints Braille text. Braille Embossers usually requires a special braille paper which is thicker and more costly compare to a normal paper. Some embossers which are high-end are capable of printing on normal paper. Braille Embossers can be one-sided or two sided which can determine the speed of embossing characters per second. The computer monitor can be replaced with this Braille Embosser for the blind people. This is because by using this output device, it allows a blind person to be able to read what is being display from the computer. However, the cost may be expensive. Â  3.0 Green Computing Green Computing refers to environmentally sustainable computing. It describes the use of resources in computing efficiently. It is related to the study, manufacturing, design, use and disposal of computers or other related products or devices such as monitors, printers, servers and network systems among others. The motive of green computing is similar to green chemistry. Green computing is practise to reduce the environmental impact of computing industry. Green computing has become very important as the impact of greenhouse gas production has on global warming and climate change. A number of manufacturers have begun improving the performance in environmental of their organisation, services and products in an effort to reduce their environmental footmark. Computers and their peripheral devices use a considerable amount of power and contain hazardous materials. However, it is easy to reduce the environment impact. There are many ways which can make a computer more eco-friendly and minimize the environmental impact. Use the power management settings whether it is under hibernation, sleep or standby mode. A computer has power management settings which enable it to sleep or standby automatically after certain period of inactivity. It is easy to enable these options through the control panel and can save up on electricity bill. Also disable the screensavers as running it can increase energy consumption as it may stop the monitor from being in standby when idle. By disabling a screensaver, the monitor can be switched off without wasting any electricity. Computer manufacturers are also practicing in minimizing the environmental impact by developing greener computers. Computer manufacturers like HP is practising few steps to green computing, they are developing a sustainable green computing plan which includes recycling policies, recommendations for disposal of used peripheral. Discard unwanted device in an environmental responsible way. Computers have pollutants that can release harmful substance into the environment. Never throw away computers to the landfill. Contribute working computers to a non-profit agency. This manufacturer also reduces paper consumption as there are many easy ways to do so. Computer manufacturers like ASUS also doing something to develop greener computer to minimize environmental impact. The Green ASUS philosophy comes in because the manufacturer believes in applying an eco-friendly way towards every aspect of their business. This manufacturer produced the worlds first motherboard which is lead-free and halogen-free and the first full-HD monitor which is halogen-free. It is the first notebook manufacturer to receive the EU Flower Eco certificates and EPD and the first among other computer manufacturers to obtain the Japan Eco Mark. ASUS was being known at the 2011 ENERGY STAR Award Ceremony for its Energy Efficient Product Design. ASUS technologies are constantly being developed and improved with the main objective of environmental preservation. This manufacturer design products that are easy to recycle, reuse and disassemble and greener manufacturing processes which are halogen-free and lead-free. 4.0 Conclusion Adaptive and assistive devices are very important for disabled people to use computer efficiently and productively despite the cost of the device. These technologies have made people around the globe to use the computer productively. Green computer is very important for computer manufacturers, users and organisation to be aware as protecting and minimizing environmental impact can prevent from global warming and also able to save cost from electricity.